SANDRA SKANDERLIĆ

JANUARY 1

1204. Died King Haakon III of Norway

1387. Died King Charles II. of Navarre

1431. Born Pope Alexander VI.

1449. Born Lorenzo de’Medici, Italian statesman

1467. Born Sigismund I., King of Poland

1515. Died King Louis XII. of France

1557. Born István Bocskay, Prince of Transylvania

1559. Died Christian III. of Denmark and Norway

JANUARY 2

1514. Died William Smyth, English bishop and statesman

1642. Born Mehmed IV., Ottoman Sultan

1699. Born Osman III., Ottoman Sultan

1861. Died King Frederick William IV. of Prussia

1877. Born Slava Raškaj, Croatian painter

JANUARY 3

235. Died Pope St. Anterus

1322. Died King Philip V. of France

1437. Died Catherine of Valois, wife of Henry V. of England

1571. Died Joachim II. Hector, Elector of Brandenburg

1701. Died Prince Louis I. of Monaco

JANUARY 4

1248. Died King Sancho II. of Portugal

1334. Born Amadeus VI. of Savoy

1717. The Netherlands, England, and France sign the Triple Alliance

1825. Died King Ferdinand I. of the Two Sicilies

JANUARY 5

1387. Died King Peter IV. of Aragon

1448. Died Christopher of Bavaria

1477. Died Charles, Duke of Burgundy

1524. Died Marko Marulić, Croatian poet

1589. Died Catherine de’Medici, queen of Henry II. of France

1614. Born Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria

1762. Died Empress Elizabeth of Russia

1858. Died Joseph Radetzky von Radetz, Austrian field marshal

JANUARY 6

1367. Born Richard II. of England

1412. Born Joan of Arc, Roman Catholic Saint and national heroine of France

1448. Died Cristopher of Bavaria, King of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden

1537. Died Allessandro de’Medici, Duke of Florence

1655. Born Eleonore-Magdalena of Neuburg, Holy Roman Empire Empress

JANUARY 7

1285. Died King Charles I. of Naples

1325. Died King Dinis of Portugal

1451. Died Count Amadeus VIII. of Savoy

1502. Born Pope Gregory XIII.

1528. Born Jeanne d’Albert, Queen of Navarre

1536. Died Catherine of Aragon, consort of Henry VIII. of England

1647. Born Wilhelm Ludwig, Duke of Württemberg

1655. Died Pope Innocent X.

1768. Born Joseph Bonaparte, King of Naples

1845. Born King Ludwig III. of Bavaria

JANUARY 8

1100. Died Antipope Clement III.

1107. Died Edgar of Scotland

1198. Died Pope Celestine III.

1642. Died Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer and scientist

1788. Born Archduke Rudolph of Austria

JANUARY 9

1554. Born Pope Gregory XV.

1589. Born Ivan Gundulić, Croatian poet

1878. Umberto I. becomes King of Italy

JANUARY 10

681. Died Pope Agatho

1276. Died Pope Gregory X.

1480. Born Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands

1538. Born Louis of Nassau, Dutch general

1824. Died King Victor Emmanuel I. of Sardinia

JANUARY 11

705. Died Pope John VI.

802. Died St. Paulinus II. of Aquileia

1055. Died Constantine IX. Monomachos, Byzantine Emperor

1083. Died Otto of Nordheim, Duke of Bavaria

1395. Born Michelle of Valois, Duchess of Burgundy

JANUARY 12

1321. Died Maria of Brabant, wife of Philip III. of France

1519. Died Maximilian I. Holy Roman Emperor

1562. Born Charles Emmanuel I., Duke of Savoy

1721. Born Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, Prussian general

1751. Born Ferdinand II. of the Two Sicilies

1759. Died Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange

1810. Born King Ferdinand II. of the Two Sicilies

JANUARY 13

86 BC. Died Gaius Marius, Roman general and politician

1138. Died Simon I., Duke of Lorraine

1177. Died Henry II. of Austria

1330. Died Frederick I. of Austria

1334. Born King Henry II. of Castile

1610. Born Maria Anna of Austria, Electress of Bavaria

1766. Died King Frederick V. of Denmark

1777. Born Elisa Bonaparte, Grand Duchess of Tuscany

1797. Died Elisabeth Christine von Braunschweig-Bevern, wife of Frederick II. of Prussia

JANUARY 14

83.BC. Born Marcus Antonius, Roman politician

1131. Born King Valdemar I. of Denmark

1163. Died Ladislaus II. of Hungary

1301. Died King Andrew III. of Hungary

1767. Born Maria Theresia of Tuscany, queen consort of Saxony

1861. Born Mehmed VI., Ottoman Sultan

JANUARY 15

69. Died Galba, Roman Emperor

936. Died King Rudolph of France

1342. Born Philip II., Duke of Burgundy

1432. Born King Alfonso V. of Portugal

1595. Died Murat III., Ottoman Sultan

1781. Died Infanta Mariana Victoria of Spain, queen regent of Portugal

JANUARY 16

1245. Born Edmund Crouchback, son of Henry III. of England

1387. Died Elizabeth of Bosnia, Hungarian queen and regent

1409. Born René I. of Naples

1501. Born Anthony Denny, confidant of King Henry VIII. of England

1836. Born King Francis II. of the Two Sicilies

1962. Died Ivan Meštrović, Croatian sculptor

JANUARY 17

395. Died Theodosius I., Roman Emperor

1463. Born Friedrich III., Elector of Saxony

1468. Died Skanderbeg, Albanian leader

1504. Born Pope Pius V.

1598. Died Fyodor I. Tsar of Russia

1732. Born King Stanislaw II. August Poniatowski of Poland

1831. Born Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria

1908. Died Ferdinand IV. Grand Duke of Tuscany

JANUARY 18

474. Died Leo I., Byzantine Emperor

1367. Died King Peter I. of Portugal

1519. Born Isabella Jagiello, queen of Hungary

1586. Died Margaret of Austria, regent of the Netherlands

1795. Born Anna Pavlovna of Russia, queen of the Netherlands

JANUARY 19

639. Died Dagobert I., King of the Franks

1526. Died Isabella of Burgundy, wife of Christian II. of Denmark

1544. Born King Francis II. of France

1757. Born Augusta Reuss-Ebersdorf, German Princess

1925. Died Queen Maria Sophia of Two Sicilies

JANUARY 20

225. Born Gordian III., Roman Emperor

1292. Born Elisabeth of Bohemia

1358. Born Eleanor of Aragon, wife of John I. of Castile

1479. Died King John II. of Aragon

1554. Born King Sebastian of Portugal

1612. Died Rudolf II., Holy Roman Emperor

1666. Died Anna of Austria, wife of Louis XIII. of France

1716. Born King Charles III. of Spain

1819. Died King Charles IV. of Spain

1848. Died Christian VIII. of Denmark

JANUARY 21

917. Died Erchanger, Duke of Swabia

1118. Died Pope Paschal II.

1338. Born King Charles V. of France

1774. Died Mustafa III., Ottoman Sultan

1793. Died King Louis XVI. of France

1829. Born King Oscar II. of Sweden and Norway

JANUARY 22

1440. Born Ivan III. of Russia

1561. Born Sir Francis Bacon, English philosopher

1869. Born Grigori Rasputin, Russian monk

1901. Died Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom

1922. Died Pope Benedict XV.

JANUARY 23

1002. Died Otto III., Holy Roman Emperor

1570. Died James Stewart, Earl of Moray, regent of Scotland

1688. Born Queen Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden

1857. Born Andrija Mohorovičić, Croatian seismologist

JANUARY 24

41. Died Caligula, Emperor of Rome

76. Born Hadrian, Roman Emperor

772. Died Pope Stephen III.

1002. Died Otto III., Holy Roman Emperor

1366. Died Alfonso IV. of Aragon

1444. Born Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan

1595. Died Ferdinand II. of Austria

1712. Born King Frederick II. of Prussia

1746. Born King Gustav III. of Sweden

JANUARY 25

844. Died Pope Gregory

1431. Died Charles II., Duke of Lorraine

1477. Born Anna, Duchess of Brittany, wife of Charles VIII. of France

1494. Died King Ferdinand I. of Naples

1559. Died King Christian II. of Denmark, Sweden and Norway

1670. Died Nicholas II., Duke of Lorraine

1925. Died Ivan Vučetić, Croatian anthropologist

JANUARY 26

1340. King Edward III. of England is declared King of France

946. Died Eadgyth, German Queen

1736. Stanislaus I. of Poland abdicates his throne

1744. Died Ludwig Andreas Graf Khevenhüller, Austrian field marshal

1763. Born Charles XIV. John of Sweden, Napoleonic general

JANUARY 27

98. Died Nerva, Roman Emperor

1443. Born Albert, Duke of Saxony

1546. Born Joachim Friedrich, Elector of Brandenburg

1708. Born Anna Petrovna of Russia

1756. Born Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer

1805. Born Sophie of Bavaria, Archduchess of Austria

1805. Born Maria Anna of Bavaria, Queen consort of Saxony

1859. Born Emperor Wilhelm II. of Germany

JANUARY 28

814. Died Charlemagne

1271. Died Isabella of Aragon, queen of Philip III. of France

1225. Born Saint Thomas Aquinas

1312. Born Queen Joan II. of Navarre

1457. Born King Henry VII. of England

1600. Born Pope Clement IX.

1621. Died Pope Paul V.

1717. Born Mustafa III., Ottoman sultan

JANUARY 29

1119. Died Pope Gelasius II.

1342. Died Louis I., Duke of Bourbon

1584. Born Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange

1608. Died Frederick I., Duke of Württemberg

1676. Died Tsar Alexis I., of Russia

1696. Died Ivan V., Russian tsar

1743. Died André-Hercule de Fleury, French statesman

1749. Born King Christian VIII. of Denmark

1820. Died King George III. of the United Kingdom

1870. Died Leopold II., Grand Duke of Tuscany

1906. Died King Christian IX. of Denmark

JANUARY 30

133. Born Marcus Severus Didius Julianus, Roman Emperor

1030. Died William V., Duke of Aquitiane

1384. Died Louis II. of Flanders

1649. Died King Charles I. of England

1730. Died Tsar Peter II. of Russia

1889. Died Crown Prince Rudolph of Austria

1894. Born Tsar Boris III. of Bulgaria

JANUARY 31

1512. Born King Henry of Portugal

1550. Born Henry I., Duke of Guise, French Catholic leader

1580. Died Henry of Portugal

1615. Died Claudio Aquaviva, Italian Jesuit

1673. Born Louis de Montfort, French catholic priest and saint

DECEMBER 1

1081. Born Louis VI. of France

1135. Died Henry I. of England

1241. Died Isabella of England

1521. Died Pope Leo X.

1530. Died Margaret of Austria, Regent of Netherlands

1633. Died Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain

1830. Died Pope Pius VIII.

1844. Born Alexandra of Denmark, Danish Queen Consort

DECEMBER 2

1409. The University of Leipzig opens

1463. Died Archduke Albert VI. of Austria

1469. Died Piero di Cosimo de’ Medici, ruler of Florence

1703. Born Ferdinand Konščak, Croatian explorer

DECEMBER 3

1154. Died Pope Anastasius IV.

1368. Born King Charles VI. of France

1533. Died Vasili III., Grand Prince of Moscow

1800. Born France Prešeren, Slovenian poet

1935. Died Princess Victoria of United Kingdom

DECEMBER 4

771. Died Carloman, King of the Franks

1075. Died Archbishop Anno II. of Cologne

1270. Died Theobald V. of Champagne, King of Navarre

1334. Died Pope John XXII.

1711. Born Barbara of Portugal, queen of Spain

DECEMBER 5

1082. Died Ramon Berenguer II., Count of Barcelona

1355. Died John III., Duke of Brabant

1443. Born Pope Julius II.

1560. Died King Francis II. of France

DECEMBER 6

343. Died Saint Nicholas

1060. Béla I. of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary

1185. Died King Afonso I. of Portugal

1285. Born King Ferdinand IV. of Castile

1352. Died Pope Clement VI.

1421. Born King Henry VI. of England

1672. Died King John II. Casimir of Poland

1792. Born King William II. of Netherlands

DECEMBER 7

283. Died Pope Eutychian

983. Died Otto II., Holy Roman Emperor

1254. Died Pope Innocent IV.

1279. Died King Boleslaus V. of Poland

1545. Born Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, consort of Mary I. of Scotland

1724. Born Louise of Great Britain, queen of Denmark and Norway

1803. Born Maria Josepha of Saxony, queen consort of Spain

DECEMBER 8

1542. Born Mary Queen of Scots

1574. Born Maria Anna of Bavaria, Empress consort of the Holy Roman Empire

1626. Born Queen Christina of Sweden

1638. Died Ivan Gundulić, Croatian poet

1699. Born Maria Josepha of Austria, queen of Poland

1708. Born Francis I., Holy Roman Emperor

1756. Born Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria

1793. Died Madame du Barry, last royal mistress of France

1907. Died Oscar II. of Sweden

DECEMBER 9

1165. Died King Malcolm IV. of Scotland

1565. Died Pope Pius IV.

1594. Born Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

1669. Died Pope Clement IX.

1706. Died King Peter II. of Portugal

1751. Born Maria Luisa of Parma, queen of Charles IV. of Spain

DECEMBER 10

949. Died Herman I., Duke of Swabia

1041. Died Michael IV. the Paphlagonian, Byzantine Emperor

1394. Born King James I. of Scotland

1508. Died René II., Duke of Lorraine

1820. Born Princess Elizabeth of Clarence

1865. Died King Léopold I. of Belgium

DECEMBER 11

384. Died Pope Damasus

1282. Died Michael VIII. Palaiologos, Greek Byzantine Emperor

1475. Born Pope Leo X.

1694. Died Ranuccio II. Farnese, Duke of Parma

1709. Born Louise Élisabeth d’Orléans, queen consort of Spain

1918. Died Ivan Cankar, Slovenian writer

DECEMBER 12

884. Died Carloman, King of the West Franks

1298. Born Albert II. of Austria

1418. Born Albert VI. of Austria

1574. Born Anne of Denmark, queen consort of James I. of England

1574. Died Selim II., Ottoman Sultan

1586. Died Stefan Batory, King of Poland

1843. Died King William I. of Netherlands

DECEMBER 13

1124. Died Pope Callixtus

1126. Died Henry IX., Duke of Bavaria

1250. Died Frederick II., Holy Roman Emperor

1521. Died Manuel I. of Portugal

1521. Born Pope Sixtus V.

1533. Born King Eric XIV. of Sweden

1553. Born King Henry IV. of France

1621. Died Katarina Stenbock, Queen of Gustav I. of Sweden

1754. Died Mahmud I., Ottoman Sultan

1784. Born Archduke Louis of Austria

1881. Died August Šenoa, Croatian writer

DECEMBER 14

1476. Died Vlad III. the Impaler

1503. Born Nostradamus, French astrologer

1510. Died Friedrich of Saxony

1542. Died King James V. of Scotland

1542. Princess Mary Stuart becomes Queen Mary I. of Scotland

1553. Died Hanibal Lucić, Croatian writer

1787. Born Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este, Empress of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia

1788. Died King Charles III. of Spain

1895. Born King George VI. of the United Kingdom

DECEMBER 15

37. Born Nero, Roman Emperor

1025. Died Basil II., Byzantine Emperor

1230. Died King Otakar I. of Bohemia

1263. Died King Haakon IV. of Norway

DECEMBER 16

1470. Died John II., Duke of Lorraine

1485. Born Catherine of Aragon, Queen of England

1614. Born Eberhard III., Duke of Württemberg

1751. Died Leopold II. of Anhalt-Dessau, Prussian general

1790. Born King Léopold I. of Belgium

1914. Died Ivan Zajc, Croatian composer

DECEMBER 17

1187. Died Pope Gregory VIII.

1538. Pope Paul III. excommunicates Henry VIII. of England

1734. Born Maria I. of Portugal, Portuguese queen

1847. Died Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria, second wife of Napoleon

1860. Died Désirée Clary, Queen of Sweden and Norway

1909. Died Léopold II. of Belgium

DECEMBER 18

1290. Died King Magnus I. of Sweden

1495. Died King Alphonso II. of Naples

1936. Died Andrija Mohorovičić, Croatian seismologist

DECEMBER 19

401. Died Pope Anastasius I.

1327. Died Agnes of France, Duchess of Burgundy

1370. Died Pope Urban V.

1554. Born Philip William, Prince of Orange

1683. Born Philip V. of Spain

1737. Died James Sobieski, Crown Prince of Poland

1778. Born Princess Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte, eldest child of Marie Antoinette and Loius XVI.

DECEMBER 20

217. Died Pope Zephyrinus

910. Died Alfonso III. of Leon

1022. Died Elvira Mendes, wife of Alfonso V. of Castile

1537. Born King John III. of Sweden

DECEMBER 21

1118. Born Thomas Becket, Lord Chancellor of England and Archbishop of Canterbury

1295. Died Marguerite Berenger of Provence, wife of Louis IX. of France

1308. Died Henry I. of Hesse

1818. Born Amalia of Oldenburg, Queen of Greece

DECEMBER 22

244. Born Diocletian, Roman Emperor

1095. Born Roger II. of Sicily, King of Sicily

1100. Died Duke Bretislaus II. of Bohemia

1603. Died Mehmed III., Ottoman Emperor

DECEMBER 23

1173. Born Louis I., Duke of Bavaria

1230. Died Berengaria of Navarre, queen of Richard I. of England

1537. Born King John III. of Sweden

1588. Died Henry I., Duke of Guise, French Catholic leader

1750. Born King Frederick Augustus I. of Saxony

1777. Born Tsar Alexander I. of Russia

DECEMBER 24

3 BC. Born Galba, Roman Emperor

1166. Born King John of England

1389. Born John VI., Duke of Brittany

1588. Born Constance of Austria, queen of Poland

1660. Died Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange

DECEMBER 25

795. Died Pope Adrian I.

820. Died Leo V., Byzantine Emperor

1250. Born John IV. Laskaris, Byzantine Emperor

1461. Born Christina of Saxony, queen of Denmark and Norway

1587. Born Margarita of Austria, queen of Philip III. of Spain

1683. Died Kara Mustafa, Ottoman general

1700. Born Leopold II. of Anhalt-Dessau, Prussian general

DECEMBER 26

211. Died Publius Septimius Geta-Roman Emperor

268. Died Pope Dionysius

1194. Born Frederick II., Holy Roman Emperor

1458. Died Arthur III., Duke of Brittany

1476. Died Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan

1574. Died Charles of Guise, French cardinal

1737. Born Prince Josias of Coburg, Austrian general

DECEMBER 27

418. Died Pope Zosimus

537. The Hagia Sophia is completed

1076. Died Prince Svyatoslav II. of Kiev

1717. Born Pope Pius VI.

DECEMBER 28

1446. Died Antipope Clement VIII.

1503. Died Piero di Lorenzo de’Medici, ruler of Florence

1522. Born Margaret of Austria, regent of the Netherlands

1635. Born Princess Elizabeth of England

1694. Died Queen Mary II. of England

1703. Died Mustafa II., Ottoman Sultan

DECEMBER 29

1170. Died Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury

1709. Born Empress Elizabeth of Russia

1721. Born Madame de Pompadour, mistress of King Louis XV. of France

1916. Died Grigori Rasputin, Russian monk

1981. Died Miroslav Krleža, Croatian writer

DECEMBER 30

39. Born Titus, Roman emperor

1591. Died Pope Innocent IX.

1662. Died Archduke Ferdinand Charles of Austria

1673. Born Ahmed III., Ottoman Sultan

1740. Born Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain

DECEMBER 31

192. Died Commodus, Roman Emperor

335. Died Pope St. Silvester

1194. Died Duke Leopold V. of Austria

1302. Died Frederick III., Duke of Lorraine

1378. Born Pope Callixtus III.

1510. Died Bianca Maria Sforza, wife of Maximilian I., Holy Roman Emperor

1741. Born Isabella Maria of Parma