SANDRA SKANDERLIĆ

MARCH 1

1131. Died Stephen II., King of Hungary

1432. Born Isabel of Coimbra, queen of Portugal

1445. Born Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter

1449. Born Lorenzo de’Medici, Italian statesman

1456. Born King Ladislaus II. of Bohemia and Hungary

1683. Born Caroline of Ansbach, wife of George II. of Great Britain

1792. Died Leopold II., Holy Roman Emperor

MARCH 2

1316. Born Robert II. of Scotland

1459. Born Pope Adrian VI.

1810. Born Pope Leo XIII.

1876. Born Pope Pius XII.

MARCH 3

1455. Born King John II. of Portugal

1520. Born Matthias Flacius, Croatian Protestant reformer

1554. Died John Frederick Elector of Saxony

1778. Born Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of Hanover

MARCH 4

251. Died Pope Lucius I.

561. Died Pope Pelagius I.

852. Croatian Duke Trpimir I. issues a statute, a document with the first known written mention of the Croats name in Croatian sources

1152. Frederick I. Barbarossa is elected King of Germans

1172. Died Stephen III. of Hungary

1188. Born Blanche of Castile, wife of Louis VIII. of France

 

MARCH 5

1133. Born King Henry of England

1324. Born King David II. of Scotland

1326. Born Louis I. of Hungary

1585. Born John George I., Elector of Saxony

1723. Born Princess Mary of Great Britain

MARCH 6

1252. Died Saint Rose of Viterbo, Italian saint

1405. Born King John II. of Castile

1475. Born Michelangelo, Italian artist

1817. Born Princess Clémentine of Orléans

MARCH 7

322 BC Died Aristotle, Greek philosopher

161. Died Antoninus Pius, Roman Emperor

189. Born Publius Septimius Geta, Roman Emperor

1693. Born Pope Clement XIII.

1724. Died Pope Innocent XIII.

MARCH 8

1144. Died Pope Celestine II.

1286. Born John III., Duke of Brittany

1293. Born Beatrice of Castile, queen of Portugal

1702. Died William III. of England

1844. Died Charles XIV. John of Sweden

MARCH 9

1213. Born Hugh IV., Duke of Burgundy

1566. Died David Rizzio, secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots

1629. Born Tsar Alexis I. of Russia

1661. Died Jules Mazarin, French cardinal and statesman

1888. Died William I. German Emperor

MARCH 10

1391. Died Tvrtko I., first king of Bosnia

1452. Born Ferdinand II. of Aragon

1503. Born Ferdinand I., Holy Roman Emperor

1776. Born Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen consort of Prussia

MARCH 11

222. Died Elagabalus, Roman Emperor

1486. Died Albert III., Margrave of Brandenburg

1575. Died Matthias Flacius, Croatian Protestant reformer

1801. Died Paul I., Russian tsar

1899. Born Frederick IX. of Denmark, Danish King

MARCH 12

604. Died Pope Gregory I.

1478. Born Giuliano di Lorenzo de’Medici, ruler of Florence

1507. Died Cesare Borgia, Italian general and statesman

1781. Born Frederica of Baden, Queen of Sweden

1790. Died Andreas Hadik, Austro-Hungarian general

MARCH 13

1516. Died King Ladislaus II. of Bohemia and Hungary

1615. Born Pope Innocent XII.

1741. Born Joseph II., Holy Roman Emperor

1767. Died Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France

1808. Died King Christian VII. of Denmark

1881. Died Tsar Alexander II. of Russia

MARCH 14

752. Died Pope Zachary

968. Died Matilda of Ringelheim, German Queen

1647. Died Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange

1807. Born Josephine of Leuchtenberg, queen of Sweden and Norway

1844. Born King Umberto I. of Italy

MARCH 15

44 BC Died Julius Caesar

938. Born Romanos II., Byzantine emperor

1145. Died Pope Lucius II.

1493. Born Anne de Montmorency, Constable of France

1644. Died Louise Julian of Nassau, Regent of Bohemia

MARCH 16

37. Died Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar, Roman Emperor

455. Died Valentinian III., Western Roman Emperor

1021. Died Heribert of Cologne, Archbishop of Cologne

1457. Died László Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman and Warrior

1473. Born Henry IV. the Pious, Duke of Saxony

1687. Born Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, Queen consort in Prussia

1878. Born Clemens August Graf von Galen, German archbishop and cardinal

MARCH 17

45. BC Died Titus Labienus, Roman leader

180. Died Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor

1473. Born King James IV. of Scotland

1516. Died Giuliano di Lorenzo de’Medici, ruler of Florence

1849. Died William II. of Netherlands

MARCH 18

1227. Died Pope Honorius III.

1314. Died Jacques DeMolay, Grand Master of the Knight Templar

1584. Died Tsar Ivan IV. of Russia

1746. Died Anna Leopoldovna, regent of Russia

MARCH 19

1238. Died Duke Henry I. of Poland

1286. Died King Alexander III. of Scotland

1637. Died Péter Pázmány, Hungarian cardinal and statesman

1721. Died Pope Clement XI.

1821. Born Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria

MARCH 20

1413. Died King Henry IV. of England

1568. Died Duke Albert of Prussia

1619. Died Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor

1725. Born Abdul Hamid I., Ottoman Sultan

1811. Born Napoleon II. of France

MARCH 21

1076. Died Robert I., Duke of Burgundy

1306. Died Robert II., Duke of Burgundy

1521. Born Maurice, Elector of Saxony

1556. Died Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury

1685. Born Johann Sebastian Bach, German composer

1801. Born Maria Theresa of Tuscany, Queen of Sardinia

MARCH 22

875. Born William I., Duke of Aquitaine

1459. Born Maximillian I., Holy Roman Emperor

1609. Born King John II. Casimir of Poland

1759. Born Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp, Queen of Sweden and Norway

1797. Born King Wilhelm I. of Germany

1955. Died Ivan Šubašić, last ban of Croatia

MARCH 23

1103. Died Eudes I., Duke of Burgundy

1369. Died King Pedro of Castile

1429. Born Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI. of England

1555. Died Pope Julius III.

1801. Died Tsar Paul of Russia

MARCH 24

1381. Died Saint Catharine, Swedish saint

1455. Died Pope Nicholas V.

1494. Born Georg Agricola, German scientist

1603. Died Queen Elizabeth I. of England

1628. Born Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, queen of Denmark and Norway

MARCH 25

1223. Died Alfonso II. of Portugal

1259. Born Andronikos II. Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor

1297. Born Andronicus III. Palaeologus, Byzantine emperor

1347. Born Catherine of Siena, Italian saint

1479. Born Vasili III., Grand Prince of Moscow

1541. Born Francesco I. de’Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

1751. Died Frederick I. of Sweden

MARCH 26

1026. Pope John XIX. crowns Conrad II. as Holy Roman Emperor

1212. Died Sancho I., King of Portugal

1554. Born Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne

1827. Died Ludwig van Beethoven, German composer and pianist

MARCH 27

972. Born King Robert II. of France

1191. Died Pope Clement III.

1350. Died King Alfonso XI. of Castile

1378. Died Pope Gregory XI.

1625. Died King James I. of England and Ireland, James VI. of Scotland

1676. Born Francis II. Rákóczi, leader of the Hungarian uprising against the Habsburg

1785. Born King Louis XVII. of France

MARCH 28

193. Died Pertinax, Roman Emperor

1285. Died Pope Martin IV.

1515. Born Saint Teresa of Avila, Spanish Carmelite nun

1566. Died Sigismund von Herberstein, Austrian diplomat and historian

1569. Born Ranuccio I. Farnese, Duke of Parma

1609. Born King Frederick III. of Denmark

MARCH 29

1058. Died Pope Stephen IX.

1578. Died Louis I. of Guise, French cardinal

1792. Died King Gustav III. of Sweden

1906. Died Slava Raškaj, Croatian painter

MARCH 30

1432. Born Mehmed II., Ottoman Sultan

1486. Died Thomas Bourchier, Archbishop of Canterbury

1540. Died Matthaus Lang von Wellenburg, German statesman

1587. Died Ralph Sadler, English statesman

MARCH 31

250. Born Constantius Chlorus, Roman Emperor

1204. Died Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of France and England

1340. Died Ivan I. of Russia, Prince of Moscow

1360. Born Philippa of Lancaster, queen of Portugal

1425. Born Bianca Maria Visconti, Duchess of Milan

1499. Born Pope Pius IV.

1519. Born King Henry II. of France

1547. Died Francis I. of France

1567. Died Philipp I. of Hesse

1576. Born Louise Juliana of Nassau, Regent of Bohemia

1621. Died Philip III. of Spain

1675. Born Pope Benedict XIV.

1718. Born Infanta Mariana Victoria of Spain, queen regent of Portugal

1723. Born King Frederick V. of Denmark

FEBRUARY 1

1248. Died Henry II. Duke of Brabant

1328. Died King Charles IV. of France

1691. Died Pope Alexander VIII.

1733. Died King Augustus II. of Poland

1908. Died King Carlos I. of Portugal

FEBRUARY 2

1208. Born James I. of Aragon

1250. Died Eric XI. of Sweden

1455. Born King John of Denmark

1494. Born Bona Sforza, queen of Sigismund I. of Poland

1649. Born Pope Benedict XIII.

1711. Born Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz, Austrian diplomat

1717. Born Ernst Gideon Freiherr von Laudon, Austrian field marshal

1769. Died Pope Clement XIII.

1895. Died Archduke Albert, Austrian general

FEBRUARY 3

1014. Died King Sweyn I. of Denmark

1116. Died King Coloman of Hungary

1338. Born Jeanne de Bourbon, wife of Charles V. of France

1451. Died Murad II., Ottoman Sultan

1808. Born Princess Marie of Saxe-Weimar, Princess of Prussia

FEBRUARY 4

211. Died Septimius Severus, Emperor of Rome

708. Died Pope Sisinnius

1694. Died Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, Tsaritsa of Russia

1872. Born Gotse Delchev, great Macedonian revolutionary

FEBRUARY 5

995. Died William IV., Duke of Aquitaine

1576. Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism

1766. Died Leopold Josef Graf Daun, Austrian field marshal

1922. Died Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, Croatian inventor

FEBRUARY 6

1378. Died Jeanne de Bourbon, wife of Charles V. of France

1664. Born Mustafa II., Ottoman Sultan

1685. Died King Charles II. of England

1740. Died Pope Clement XII.

1899. Died Prince Alfred of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Prince of Edinburgh

FEBRUARY 7

457. Leo I. becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire

999. Died Boleslaus II. of Bohemia

1102. Born Empress Matilda, Princess of England

1478. Born Sir Thomas More, English statesman, humanist, and author

1626. Died William V., Duke of Bavaria

1693. Born Empress Anna of Russia

1837. Died King Gustav IV. Adolf of Sweden

1878. Died Pope Pius IX.

FEBRUARY 8

1191. Born Yaroslav II. of Russia

1250. Died Robert I. of Artois, French crusader

1291. Born King Alfonso IV. of Portugal

1296. Died King Przemysl II. of Poland

1405. Born Constantine XI. Palaiologos, the last reigning Emperor of the Byzantine Empire

1487. Born Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg

1587. Died Mary, Queen of Scots

1696. Died Tsar Ivan V. of Russia

1725. Died Tsar Peter I. of Russia

1772. Died Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess of Wales

1849. Died France Prešeren, Slovenian poet

FEBRUARY 9

1011. Died Bernard I., Duke of Saxony

1450. Died Agnès Sorel, mistress of King Charles VII. of France

1709. Died François Louis, Prince of Conti, French general

1763. Born Ludwig I., Grand Duke of Baden

FEBRUARY 10

1126. Died William IX., Duke of Aquitaine, poet

1278. Died Margaret II. of Flanders

1606. Born Christine Marie of France, regent of Savoy

1829. Died Pope Leo XII.

1868. Born Prince Waldemar of Prussia, son of Emperor Frederick III.

1939. Died Pope Pius XI.

FEBRUARY 11

731. Died Pope Gregory II.

824. Died Pope Paschal I.

1377. Born King Ladislas of Naples

1466. Born Elizabeth of York, wife of Henry VII. of England

1503. Died Elizabeth of York, queen consort of Henry VII. of England

1511. Died Henry, Duke of Cornwall, son of Henry VIII. and Catherine of Aragon

1535. Born Pope Gregory XIV.

FEBRUARY 12

1074. Born Conrad, King of Germany and Italy

1554. Died Lady Jane Grey, claimant to the English throne

1595. Died Archduke Ernest of Austria, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands

1768. Born Francis II., Holy Roman Emperor

1771. Died King Adolf Frederick of Sweden

FEBRUARY 13

858 Died Kenneth I. of Scotland

1130. Died Pope Honorius II.

1141. Died Béla II. of Hungary

1332. Died Andronikos II. Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor

1457. Born Mary of Burgundy, wife of Maximilian I., Holy Roman Emperor

1542. Died Catherine Howard, fifth wife of Henry VIII. of England

1599. Born Pope Alexander VII.

1660. Died King Charles X. of Sweden

1787. Died Ruđer Bošković, Croatian scientist and diplomat

FEBRUARY 14

270 Died St. Valentine

869. Died Saint Cyril, Greek monk, scholar, theologian and linguist

1317. Died Marguerite of France, queen of Edward I. of England

1400. Died King Richard II. of England

1571. Died Odet de Coligny, French cardinal and Protestant

1714. Died Maria Luisa of Savoy, Queen Consort of Spain

FEBRUARY 15

1145. Died Pope Lucius II.

1471. Born Piero di Lorenzo de’Medici, ruler of Florence

1564. Born Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer and physicist

1637. Died Ferdinand II., Holy Roman Emperor

1710. Born King Louis XV. of France

1848. Died Hermann von Boyen, Prussian field marshal

FEBRUARY 16

1279. Died King Alfonso III. of Portugal

1391. Died John V. Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor

1519. Born Gaspard de Coligny, French Huguenot leader

1620. Born Friedrich Wilhelm I. of Brandenburg, Duke of Prussia

1786. Born Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia

FEBRUARY 17

364. Died Jovian, Roman Emperor

1339. Died Otto, Duke of Austria

1371. Died Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria

1490. Born Charles III., Duke of Bourbon, Constable of France

1519. Born Francis, Duke of Guise, French soldier and politician

1524. Born Charles of Guise, French cardinal

1600. Died Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher

1609. Died Ferdinando I. de’Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

1934. Died King Albert I. of Belgium

FEBRUARY 18

999. Died Pope Gregory V.

1374. Born Saint Jadwiga of Poland, queen of Poland

1379. Died Albert II. of Mecklenburg

1478. Died George, Duke of Clarence

1516. Born Queen Mary I. of England

1543. Born Charles III., Duke of Lorraine

1546. Died Martin Luther, German religious reformer

1743. Died Anna Maria Luisa de’Medici, last of the Medicis

1748. Died Otto Ferdinand von Abensberg und Traun, Austrian field marshal

FEBRUARY 19

197. Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum

197. Died Clodius Albinus, Roman governor of Britain

1473. Born Nicolaus Copernicus, mathematician and astronomer

1602. Died Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercoeur, French soldier

1670. Died King Frederick III. of Denmark

FEBRUARY 20

1171. Died Conan IV., Duke of Brittany

1194. Died King Tancred of Sicily

1431. Died Pope Martin V.

1579. Died Nicholas Bacon, English politician

1618. Died Philip William, Prince of Orange

1753. Born Louis Alexandre Berthier, French marshal

1773. Died King Charles Emmanuel III. of Sardinia

1790. Died Joseph II., Holy Roman Emperor

FEBRUARY 21

1437. Died King James I. of Scotland

1484. Born Elector Joachim I. of Brandenburg

1513. Died Pope Julius II.

1728. Born Tsar Peter III. of Russia, husband of Catherine the Great

1730. Died Pope Benedict XIII.

1783. Born Princess Catharina of Württemberg, Queen consort of Westphalia

FEBRUARY 22

965. Died Otto, Duke of Burgundy

1111. Died Roger Borsa, King of Sicily

1371. Died King David II. of Scotland

1403. Born Charles VII. of France

1440. Born Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary

FEBRUARY 23

1011. Died Willigis, Archbishop of Mainz

1270. Died Saint Isabel of France, daughter of Louis VIII. of France

1417. Born Pope Paul II.

1443. Born Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, King of Hungary and Croatia

1447. Died Pope Eugene IV.

1766. Died Stanislaw Leszczynski, King of Poland

1879. Died Albrecht Graf von Roon, Prime Minister of Prussia

FEBRUARY 24

1463. Born Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Italian humanist

1500. Born Charles V., Holy Roman Emperor

1557. Born Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor

1563. Died Francis, Duke of Guise, French soldier and politician

1777. Died King Joseph I. of Portugal

FEBRUARY 25

1558. Died Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Portugal and France

1634. Died Albrecht von Wallenstein, Austrian general

1643. Born Ahmed II., Ottoman Sultan

1713. Died King Frederick I. of Prussia

1912. Died Guillaume IV., Grand Duke of Luxembourg

FEBRUARY 26

1154. Died King Roger II. of Sicily

1266. Died King Manfred of Sicily

1361. Born Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia

1577. Died King Eric XIV. of Sweden

1726. Died Maximilian II. Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria

1746. Born Archduchess Marie Amalie of Austria, duchess of Piacenza

1815. Died Prince Josias of Coburg, Austrian general

1861. Born King Ferdinand of Bulgaria

FEBRUARY 27

272. Born Constantine I., Roman emperor

1594. Henry IV. is crowned King of France

1617. Sweden and Russia sign the Treaty of Stolbovo

FEBRUARY 28

1261. Born Margaret of Scotland, queen of Norway

1261. Died Henry III., Duke of Brabant

1326. Died Duke Leopold I. of Austria

1453. Died Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine

1621. Died Cosimo II. de’Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

1648. Died King Christian IV. of Denmark and Norway

1941. Died King Alfonso XIII. of Spain