SANDRA SKANDERLIĆ

DECEMBER 1

1081. Born Louis VI. of France

1135. Died Henry I. of England

1241. Died Isabella of England

1521. Died Pope Leo X.

1530. Died Margaret of Austria, Regent of Netherlands

1633. Died Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain

1830. Died Pope Pius VIII.

1844. Born Alexandra of Denmark, Danish Queen Consort

DECEMBER 2

1409. The University of Leipzig opens

1463. Died Archduke Albert VI. of Austria

1469. Died Piero di Cosimo de’ Medici, ruler of Florence

1703. Born Ferdinand Konščak, Croatian explorer

DECEMBER 3

1154. Died Pope Anastasius IV.

1368. Born King Charles VI. of France

1533. Died Vasili III., Grand Prince of Moscow

1800. Born France Prešeren, Slovenian poet

1935. Died Princess Victoria of United Kingdom

DECEMBER 4

771. Died Carloman, King of the Franks

1075. Died Archbishop Anno II. of Cologne

1270. Died Theobald V. of Champagne, King of Navarre

1334. Died Pope John XXII.

1711. Born Barbara of Portugal, queen of Spain

DECEMBER 5

1082. Died Ramon Berenguer II., Count of Barcelona

1355. Died John III., Duke of Brabant

1443. Born Pope Julius II.

1560. Died King Francis II. of France

DECEMBER 6

343. Died Saint Nicholas

1060. Béla I. of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary

1185. Died King Afonso I. of Portugal

1285. Born King Ferdinand IV. of Castile

1352. Died Pope Clement VI.

1421. Born King Henry VI. of England

1672. Died King John II. Casimir of Poland

1792. Born King William II. of Netherlands

DECEMBER 7

283. Died Pope Eutychian

983. Died Otto II., Holy Roman Emperor

1254. Died Pope Innocent IV.

1279. Died King Boleslaus V. of Poland

1545. Born Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, consort of Mary I. of Scotland

1724. Born Louise of Great Britain, queen of Denmark and Norway

1803. Born Maria Josepha of Saxony, queen consort of Spain

DECEMBER 8

1542. Born Mary Queen of Scots

1574. Born Maria Anna of Bavaria, Empress consort of the Holy Roman Empire

1626. Born Queen Christina of Sweden

1638. Died Ivan Gundulić, Croatian poet

1699. Born Maria Josepha of Austria, queen of Poland

1708. Born Francis I., Holy Roman Emperor

1756. Born Archduke Maximilian Franz of Austria

1793. Died Madame du Barry, last royal mistress of France

1907. Died Oscar II. of Sweden

DECEMBER 9

1165. Died King Malcolm IV. of Scotland

1565. Died Pope Pius IV.

1594. Born Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

1669. Died Pope Clement IX.

1706. Died King Peter II. of Portugal

1751. Born Maria Luisa of Parma, queen of Charles IV. of Spain

DECEMBER 10

949. Died Herman I., Duke of Swabia

1041. Died Michael IV. the Paphlagonian, Byzantine Emperor

1394. Born King James I. of Scotland

1508. Died René II., Duke of Lorraine

1820. Born Princess Elizabeth of Clarence

1865. Died King Léopold I. of Belgium

DECEMBER 11

384. Died Pope Damasus

1282. Died Michael VIII. Palaiologos, Greek Byzantine Emperor

1475. Born Pope Leo X.

1694. Died Ranuccio II. Farnese, Duke of Parma

1709. Born Louise Élisabeth d’Orléans, queen consort of Spain

1918. Died Ivan Cankar, Slovenian writer

DECEMBER 12

884. Died Carloman, King of the West Franks

1298. Born Albert II. of Austria

1418. Born Albert VI. of Austria

1574. Born Anne of Denmark, queen consort of James I. of England

1574. Died Selim II., Ottoman Sultan

1586. Died Stefan Batory, King of Poland

1843. Died King William I. of Netherlands

DECEMBER 13

1124. Died Pope Callixtus

1126. Died Henry IX., Duke of Bavaria

1250. Died Frederick II., Holy Roman Emperor

1521. Died Manuel I. of Portugal

1521. Born Pope Sixtus V.

1533. Born King Eric XIV. of Sweden

1553. Born King Henry IV. of France

1621. Died Katarina Stenbock, Queen of Gustav I. of Sweden

1754. Died Mahmud I., Ottoman Sultan

1784. Born Archduke Louis of Austria

1881. Died August Šenoa, Croatian writer

DECEMBER 14

1476. Died Vlad III. the Impaler

1503. Born Nostradamus, French astrologer

1510. Died Friedrich of Saxony

1542. Died King James V. of Scotland

1542. Princess Mary Stuart becomes Queen Mary I. of Scotland

1553. Died Hanibal Lucić, Croatian writer

1787. Born Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este, Empress of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia

1788. Died King Charles III. of Spain

1895. Born King George VI. of the United Kingdom

DECEMBER 15

37. Born Nero, Roman Emperor

1025. Died Basil II., Byzantine Emperor

1230. Died King Otakar I. of Bohemia

1263. Died King Haakon IV. of Norway

DECEMBER 16

1470. Died John II., Duke of Lorraine

1485. Born Catherine of Aragon, Queen of England

1614. Born Eberhard III., Duke of Württemberg

1751. Died Leopold II. of Anhalt-Dessau, Prussian general

1790. Born King Léopold I. of Belgium

1914. Died Ivan Zajc, Croatian composer

DECEMBER 17

1187. Died Pope Gregory VIII.

1538. Pope Paul III. excommunicates Henry VIII. of England

1734. Born Maria I. of Portugal, Portuguese queen

1847. Died Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria, second wife of Napoleon

1860. Died Désirée Clary, Queen of Sweden and Norway

1909. Died Léopold II. of Belgium

DECEMBER 18

1290. Died King Magnus I. of Sweden

1495. Died King Alphonso II. of Naples

1936. Died Andrija Mohorovičić, Croatian seismologist

DECEMBER 19

401. Died Pope Anastasius I.

1327. Died Agnes of France, Duchess of Burgundy

1370. Died Pope Urban V.

1554. Born Philip William, Prince of Orange

1683. Born Philip V. of Spain

1737. Died James Sobieski, Crown Prince of Poland

1778. Born Princess Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte, eldest child of Marie Antoinette and Loius XVI.

DECEMBER 20

217. Died Pope Zephyrinus

910. Died Alfonso III. of Leon

1022. Died Elvira Mendes, wife of Alfonso V. of Castile

1537. Born King John III. of Sweden

DECEMBER 21

1118. Born Thomas Becket, Lord Chancellor of England and Archbishop of Canterbury

1295. Died Marguerite Berenger of Provence, wife of Louis IX. of France

1308. Died Henry I. of Hesse

1818. Born Amalia of Oldenburg, Queen of Greece

DECEMBER 22

244. Born Diocletian, Roman Emperor

1095. Born Roger II. of Sicily, King of Sicily

1100. Died Duke Bretislaus II. of Bohemia

1603. Died Mehmed III., Ottoman Emperor

DECEMBER 23

1173. Born Louis I., Duke of Bavaria

1230. Died Berengaria of Navarre, queen of Richard I. of England

1537. Born King John III. of Sweden

1588. Died Henry I., Duke of Guise, French Catholic leader

1750. Born King Frederick Augustus I. of Saxony

1777. Born Tsar Alexander I. of Russia

DECEMBER 24

3 BC. Born Galba, Roman Emperor

1166. Born King John of England

1389. Born John VI., Duke of Brittany

1588. Born Constance of Austria, queen of Poland

1660. Died Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange

DECEMBER 25

795. Died Pope Adrian I.

820. Died Leo V., Byzantine Emperor

1250. Born John IV. Laskaris, Byzantine Emperor

1461. Born Christina of Saxony, queen of Denmark and Norway

1587. Born Margarita of Austria, queen of Philip III. of Spain

1683. Died Kara Mustafa, Ottoman general

1700. Born Leopold II. of Anhalt-Dessau, Prussian general

DECEMBER 26

211. Died Publius Septimius Geta-Roman Emperor

268. Died Pope Dionysius

1194. Born Frederick II., Holy Roman Emperor

1458. Died Arthur III., Duke of Brittany

1476. Died Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan

1574. Died Charles of Guise, French cardinal

1737. Born Prince Josias of Coburg, Austrian general

DECEMBER 27

418. Died Pope Zosimus

537. The Hagia Sophia is completed

1076. Died Prince Svyatoslav II. of Kiev

1717. Born Pope Pius VI.

DECEMBER 28

1446. Died Antipope Clement VIII.

1503. Died Piero di Lorenzo de’Medici, ruler of Florence

1522. Born Margaret of Austria, regent of the Netherlands

1635. Born Princess Elizabeth of England

1694. Died Queen Mary II. of England

1703. Died Mustafa II., Ottoman Sultan

DECEMBER 29

1170. Died Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury

1709. Born Empress Elizabeth of Russia

1721. Born Madame de Pompadour, mistress of King Louis XV. of France

1916. Died Grigori Rasputin, Russian monk

1981. Died Miroslav Krleža, Croatian writer

DECEMBER 30

39. Born Titus, Roman emperor

1591. Died Pope Innocent IX.

1662. Died Archduke Ferdinand Charles of Austria

1673. Born Ahmed III., Ottoman Sultan

1740. Born Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain

DECEMBER 31

192. Died Commodus, Roman Emperor

335. Died Pope St. Silvester

1194. Died Duke Leopold V. of Austria

1302. Died Frederick III., Duke of Lorraine

1378. Born Pope Callixtus III.

1510. Died Bianca Maria Sforza, wife of Maximilian I., Holy Roman Emperor

1741. Born Isabella Maria of Parma